So, loads of people are having issues with this as per a search or two on the WordPress forums, and I found myself in the same boat. Check it out - I found a fix 🙂
I inserted the wp_categories table from my backups and then ran the sql query I found here:
UPDATE wp_term_taxonomy, wp_categories
SET description = cat_name
WHERE term_id = cat_ID;
UPDATE wp_terms, wp_categories
SET name = cat_name, slug = category_nicename
WHERE term_id = cat_ID;